Hist 75400
Professor Joshua Brown
jbrown@gc.cuny.edu • 212-817-1970
Class: Tuesdays, 4:15 - 6:15 pm, Room 5212
Office Hours: By appointment, Room 7301.09

"Historical understanding is like a vision, or rather like an evocation of images." Inspired by Johan Huizinga's insight, this course will explore the ways visual culture illuminates and alters our understanding of major themes and eras in U.S. history. We will investigate the manner in which different visual media documented, articulated, and embodied conditions, relations, ideas, identity, and issues from the American Revolution to the Cold War. Critically evaluating a range of historiographical approaches, this course also will consider the impact and efficacy of using visual evidence to study the past.

REQUIREMENTS
Students will participate in two online historiographic assignments during the course of the semester. A final research paper (approximately 20 pages) will be due at the last class (with a one-page précis due on October 9). Each student also will be responsible for leading one or more of the weekly class discussions (including reading and reporting on one of the optional books/articles). Grading will be roughly based on one-third seminar participation, one-third online participation, and one-third on the final paper.

BOOKS
•Elspeth H. Brown, The Corporate Eye: Photography and the Rationalization of American Commercial Culture, 1884-1929 (Baltimore, 2005).
•Joshua Brown, Beyond the Lines: Pictorial Reporting, Everyday Life, and the Crisis of Gilded Age America (Berkeley, 2002).
•William Frassanito, Gettysburg: A Journey in Time (New York, 1975) .
•Amy Helene Kirschke, Art in Crisis: W. E. B. DuBois and the Struggle for African American Identity and Memory (Bloomington, 2007).
•Margaretta M. Lovell, Art in a Season of Revolution: Painters, Artisans, and Patrons in Early America (Philadelphia, 2005).
•David M. Lubin, Shooting Kennedy: JFK and the Culture of Images (Berkeley, 2003).
•Barbara Melosh, Engendering Culture: Manhood and Womanhood in New Deal Public Art and Theater (Washington, D.C., 1991).
•Constance Rourke, American Humor: A Study of the National Character (New York, 1931).
•Martha A. Sandweiss, Print the Legend: Photography and the American West (New Haven, 2002).
•Kirk Savage, Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton, 1997).
•W. Fletcher Thompson, The Image of War: The Pictorial Reporting of the American Civil War (New York, 1959).
•Alan Trachtenberg, Reading American Photographs: Images as History: Mathew Brady to Walker Evans (New York, 1989).
•Laura Wexler, Tender Violence: Domestic Visions in an Age of U.S. Imperialism (Chapel Hill, 2000).
•Marcus Wood, Blind Memory: Visual Representations of Slavery in England and America, 1780-1865 (New York, 2000).
•Rebecca Zurier, Picturing the City: Urban Vision and the Ashcan School (Berkeley, 2006).


1.

August 28

INTRODUCTION

 
2.

September 4

REVOLUTION [Discussion leader: Gwynneth]

•Margaretta M. Lovell, Art in a Season of Revolution.
•Louis P. Masur, "Reading Watson and the Shark," New England Quarterly 67 (September 1994): 427-454.

Optional Reading:
•Donald H. Cresswell, comp., The American Revolution in Drawings and Prints: A Checklist of 1765-1790 Graphics in the Library of Congress (Washington, D.C., 1975).
•Michael Wynn Jones, The Cartoon History of the American Revolution (New York, 1975).
•Alfred F. Young and Terry J. Fife, with Mary E. Janzen, We The People: Voices and Images of the New Nation (Philadelphia, 1993).

 
3. September 11 JACKSONIAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY [Discussion leader: Mariel]

•Constance Rourke, American Humor, chapters 1-5, 7.
•Bernard F. Reilly, Jr., American Political Prints, 1776-1876: Catalog of the Collection of the Library of Congress, HarpWeek.

Optional Reading:
•Gary L. Bunker. "Antebellum Caricature and Woman’s Sphere," Journal of Women's History 3:3 (Winter 1992): 6-43.
The David Claypool Johnston Collection, American Antiquarian Society.
•Karen Halttunen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830-1870 (New Haven, 1982).
•David M. Henkin, City Reading: Written Words and Public Spaces in Antebellum New York (New York, 1998).
•Elizabeth Johns, American Genre Painting: The Politics of Everyday Life (New Haven, 1991).
•Rachel N. Klein, "Art and Authority in Antebellum New York City: The Rise and Fall of the American Art-Union," Journal of American History 81 (March 1995): 1534-61.
•Bernard F. Reilly, Jr., "Comic Drawing in New York in the 1850s," in Prints and Printmakers of New York State, 1825-1940, ed., David Tatham (Syracuse, 1986): 147-62.
•Martha A. Sandweiss, Rick Stewart, and Ben W. Huseman, Eyewitness to War: Prints and Daguerreotypes of the Mexican War, 1846-48 (Washington, D.C., 1989).

•Joshua C. Taylor, America as Art (Washington, D.C., 1976).

 
4. September 18 NO CLASS    [Discussion Board activity]

•"Revolution in Print: Graphics in Nineteenth Century America," special issue of Common-place: The Interactive Journal of Early American Life 7:3 (April 2007).
•Michael L. Wilson, "Visual Culture: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis?" in The Nineteenth-Century Visual Culture Reader, ed. Vanessa R. Schwartz and Jeannene M. Przyblyski (New York, 2004): 26-33.

 
5. September 25 ANTEBELLUM SOCIETY AND PHOTOGRAPHY [Discussion leader: Shirley]

•Alan Trachtenberg, Reading American Photographs, Prologue, Chapter 1.
•David P. Jaffee, "One of the Primitive Sort: Portrait Makers of the Rural North, 1760-1860" in The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation: Essays in the Social History of Rural America, ed., Steven Hahn and Jonathan Prude (Chapel Hill, 1985), 103-40.
•[ADDITIONAL ARTICLES/WEBSITES]


Optional Reading:
•Michael L. Carlebach, The Origins of Photojournalism in America (Washington, D.C., 1992).
•Mary Panzer, Mathew Brady and the Image of History (Washington, D.C., 1997).


 
6. October 2
SLAVERY/ANTISLAVERY [Discussion leader: Rachel]

•Marcus Wood, Blind Memory.
•Phillip Lapansky, "Graphic Discord: Abolitionist and Antiabolitionist Images," in The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women’s Political Culture in Antebellum America, ed. Jean Fagan Yellin and John C. Van Horne (Ithaca, 1994), 201-30.
•Bernard F. Reilly, Jr., "The Art of the Antislavery Movement," in Courage and Conscience: Black and White Abolitionists in Boston, ed. Donald M. Jacobs (Bloomington, 1993), 47-73.


Optional Reading:
•Albert Boime, The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century (Washington, D.C., 1990).
•Sarah Burns, Painting the Dark Side: Art and the Gothic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century America (Berkeley, 2004).
•Gregory Fried, "True Pictures," Common-place, 2:2 (January 2002).
•Nell Irvin Painter, "Representing Truth: Sojourner Truth's Knowing and Becoming Known," Journal of American History 81:2 (September 1994): 461-492.
•Richard J. Powell, "Cinqué: Antislavery Portraiture and Patronage in Jacksonian America," American Art 11:3 (Fall 1997): 48-73.
•John Stauffer, The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race (Cambridge, 2002), Chapter 2.
•John Michael Vlach. The Planter's Prospect: Privilege and Slavery in Plantation Paintings (Chapel Hill, 2002).
•Colin L. Westerbeck, "Frederick Douglass Chooses His Moment," in African Americans in Art: Selections from the Art Institute of Chicago, ed. Susan F. Rosen (Chicago, 1999), 9-25.


 
7. October 9
*PAPER TOPIC DUE
CIVIL WAR [Discussion leader: Laura]

•William Frassanito, Gettysburg.
•W. Fletcher Thompson, The Image of War.
•Alan Trachtenberg, Reading American Photographs, Chapter 2.

Optional Reading:
•Gary L. Bunker, From Rail-splitter to Icon: Lincoln's Image in Illustrated Periodicals, 1860-1865 (Kent, 2001).
•William P. Campbell, The Civil War: A Centennial Exhibition of Eyewitess Drawings (Washington, D.C., 1961).
•Michael L. Carlebach, The Origins of Photojournalism in America (Washington, D.C., 1992).
•Alice Fahs, The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861-1865 (Chapel Hill, 2001).
•Linda Frost, Never One Nation: Freaks, Savages, and Whiteness in U.S. Popular Culture, 1850-1877 (Minneapolis, 2005).
•Jan Zita Grover, "The First Living-Room War: The Civil War in the Illustrated Press," Afterimage (February 1984): 8-11.
•Harold Holzer, Gabor S. Borritt, and Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Lincoln Image: Abraham
Lincoln and the Popular Print
(New York, 1984).
•J. G. Lewin and P. J. Huff, Lines of Contention: Political Cartoons of the Civil War (2007).
•Shirley Samuels, Facing America: Iconography and the Civil War (New York, 2006).

 
8. October 16 RECONSTRUCTION [Discussion leader: Scott]

•Kirk Savage, Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves.

Optional Reading:
•Albert Boime, The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century (Washington, D.C., 1990).
•Michael D. Harris, Colored Pictures: Race and Visual Representation (Chapel Hill, 2003).
•Harold Holzer, Gabor S. Borritt, and Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Confederate Image: Prints of the Lost Cause (Chapel Hill, 1987).
•Cynthia Mills and Pamela H. Simpson, eds., Monuments to the Lost Cause: Women, Art, and the Landscapes of Southern Memory (Knoxville, 2003).
•Peter Wood and Karen C. C. Dalton, Winslow Homer's Images of Blacks: The Civil War and Reconstruction Years (Austin, 1988).


 
9. October 23

THE GILDED AGE [Discussion leader: Caroline]

•Joshua Brown, Beyond the Lines.
•Thomas Milton Kemnitz. "The Cartoon as a Historical Source," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4:1 (Summer 1973): 81-93.


Optional Reading:
•Joshua Brown, The Days’ Doings: The Gilded Age in the Profane Pictorial Press."
•Michael Clapper, “‘I Was Once a Barefoot Boy!’: Cultural Tensions in a Popular Chromo,” American Art 16:2 (Summer 2002): 17-39.
•Roger A. Fischer, Them Damned Pictures: Explorations in American Political Cartoon Art (North Haven, 1996).
•Amanda Frisken, Victoria Woodhull's Sexual Revolution: Political Theater and the Popular Press in Nineteenth-Century America (Philadelphia, 2004).
•Jay T. Last, The Color Explosion: Nineteenth Century American Lithography (Santa Ana, 2005).
•Bryan F. Le Beau. Currier & Ives: America Imagined (Washington, D.C., 2001).
•Thomas C. Leonard, The Power of the Press: The Birth of American Political Reporting (New York, 1986), Chapter 4.
•Peter C. Marzio, The Democratic Art: Pictures for a 19th-Century America (London, 1980).
•Sue Rainey, Creating Picturesque America: Monument to the Natural and Cultural Landscape (Nashville, 1994).
•Richard Samuel West, Satire on Stone: The Political Cartoons of Joseph Keppler (Urbana,
1988).


 
10. October 30 THE WEST [Discussion leader: Regina]

•Martha A. Sandweiss, Print the Legend.
•William Cronon, "Telling Tales on Canvas: Landscapes of Frontier Change," in Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts, ed., Jules Prown, Nancy Anderson, William Cronon, Brian Dippie (New Haven, 1992), 37-87.


Optional Reading:
•Sarah Burns, Pastoral Inventions: Rural Life in Nineteenth-Century American Art and Culture (Philadelphia, 1989).
•Michael L. Carlebach, The Origins of Photojournalism in America (Washington, D.C., 1992).
•Philip P. Choy, Lorraine Dong, and Marlon K. Hom, eds., The Coming Man: 19th Century American Perceptions of the Chinese (Seattle, 1994).
•Estelle Jussim. Frederic Remington, the Camera and the Old West (Fort Worth, 1983).
•Robin Kelsey, Archive Style: Photographs and Illustrations for U.S. Surveys, 1850-1890 (Berkeley, 2007).
•Anthony W. Lee, Picturing Chinatown: Art and Orientalism in San Francisco (Berkeley, 2001).
•Rebecca Solnit, River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West (New York, 2003).
•Robert Taft, Artists and Illustrators of the Old West, 1850-1900 (New York, 1953).
•John Kuo Wei Tchen, Genthe's Photographs of San Francisco's Old Chinatown (New York, 1984).
•Alan Trachtenberg, Reading American Photographs, Chapter Three.
•__________, Shades of Hiawatha: Staging Indians, Making Americans, 1880-1930 (New York, 2004).
•Richard Samuel West, The San Francisco Wasp: An Illustrated History (Easthampton, 2004).


 
11. November 6

IMPERIALISM [Discussion leader: Robert]

•Laura Wexler, Tender Violence.

Optional Reading:
•Martha Banta, Barbaric Intercourse: Caricature and the Culture of Conduct, 1841-1936 (Chicago, 2002).
•Michele H. Bogart, Public Sculpture and the Civic Ideal in New York City, 1890-1930 (Chicago, 1989).
•Elizabeth Ewen and Stuart Ewe, Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality (New York, 2006).
•James Gilbert, "Fixing the Image: Photography at the World's Columbian Exposition" in Grand Illusions: Chicago’s World’s Fair of 1893 (Chicago, 1993), 99-140.


 
12. November 13 PROGRESSIVISM/TURN OF THE CENTURY [Discussion leader: Alexis]

•Rebecca Zurier, Picturing the City.
•Neil Harris, "Iconography and Intellectual History: The Halftone Effect," in Cultural Excursions: Marketing Appetites and Cultural Tastes in Modern America (Chicago, 1990), 304-17.
•Alan Trachtenberg, Reading American Photographs, Chapter 4.


Optional Reading:
•Nicholson Baker and Margaret Brentano, The World on Sunday: Graphic Art in Joseph Pulitzer's Newspaper (1898-1911) (New York, 2005).
•Michael L. Carlebach, American Photojournalism Comes of Age (Washington, D.C., 1997).
•Melissa Dabakis, Visualizing Labor in American Sculpture: Monuments, Manliness, and the Work Ethic, 1880-1935 (Cambridge, 1999).
•Peter Bacon Hales, Silver Cities: The Photography of American Urbanization, 1839-1915
(Philadelphia, 1984).
•Larry Peterson, "Photography and the Pullman Strike: Remolding Perceptions of Labor
Conflict by New Visual Communication," in The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s: Essays on Labor and Politics, eds. Richard Schneirov, Shelton Stromquist, and Nick Salvatore (Urbana, 1999): 87-129.
•Allan Sekula. "The Body and the Archive," October 39 (Winter, 1986): 3-64.
•Maren Stange, Symbols of Ideal Life: Social Documentary Photography in America, 1890-1950 (Cambridge, 1989).
•Rebecca Zurier, Robert W. Snyder, and Virginia M. Mecklenburg, Metropolitan Lives: The Ashcan Artists and Their New York (New York, 1995).


 
13. November 20 NO CLASS    [Discussion Board activity] 

•Amy Helene Kirschke, Art in Crisis.

 
14. November 27 TWENTIES [Discussion leader: Jenifer]

•Elspeth H. Brown, The Corporate Eye.

Optional Reading:
•Michele H. Bogart, Advertising, Artists, and the Borders of Art (Chicago, 1995).
•Margaret Finnegan, Selling Suffrage: Consumer Culture and Votes for Women (New York, 1999).
•Ian Gordon, Comic Strips and Consumer Culture, 1890-1945 (Washington, D.C., 1998).
•Carolyn Kitch, The Girl on the Magazine Cover: The Origins of Visual Stereotypes in American Mass Media (Chapel Hill, 2001).
•Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940 (Berkeley, 1986).
•Alice Sheppard, Cartooning for Suffrage (Albuquerque, 1993).


 
15. December 4 GREAT DEPRESSION/NEW DEAL [Discussion leader: Brendan]

•Barbara Melosh, Engendering Culture.
•Michael Denning, "'Who’s Afraid of Big Bad Walt?' Disney’s Radical Cartoonists," in The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996): 403-22.

Optional Reading:
•Alejandro Anreus, Diana L. Linden, and Jonathan Weinberg, eds., The Social And the Real: Political Art of the 1930s in the Western Hemisphere (University Park, 2006).
•James Curtis, Mind's Eye, Mind's Truth: FSA Photography Reconsidered (Philadelphia, 1989).
•Cara A. Finnegan, Picturing Poverty: Print Culture and FSA Photographs (Washington, D.C., 2003).
•Carl Fleischhauer and Beverly W. Brannan, ed., Documenting America, 1935-1943 (Berkeley, 1988).
•Linda Gordon, "Dorothea Lange: The Photographer as Agricultural Sociologist," Journal of American History, 93:3 (December 2006): 698-727.
•Helen Langa, Radical Art: Printmaking and the Left in 1930s New York (Berkeley, 2004).
•Esther Leslie, Hollywood Flatlands: Animation, Critical Theory, and the Avant-Garde (New York, 2002).
•Tom Sito, Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson (Lexington, 2007).
•Maren Stange, Symbols of Ideal Life: Social Documentary Photography in America, 1890-1950 (Cambridge, 1989).

 
16. December 11 HOT WAR/COLD WAR [Discussion leader: Matthew]

•David M. Lubin, Shooting Kennedy.

Optional Reading:
•John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York, 1986).
•James Gilbert, Cycle of Outrage: America's Reaction to the Juvenile Delinquent in the 1950s (New York, 1986).
•David Greenberg, Nixon’s Shadow: A History of an Image (New York, 2004).
•Gerard Jones, Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book (New York, 2004).
•Amy Kiste Nyberg, Seal of Approval: The History of the Comics Code (Jackson, 1998).
•Mary Panzer, Things As They Are: Photojournalism in Context since 1955 (New York, 2005).
•George H. Roeder, Jr., The Censored War: American Visual Experience during World War Two (New Haven, 1993).
•Frederick S. Voss, Reporting the War: The Journalistic Coverage of World War II (Washington, D.C., 1994).


 
17. December 18
*PAPER DUE
EVALUATING APPROACHES