HIST 75400
Professor Joshua Brown
jbrown@gc.cuny.edu • 212-817-1970
Class: Spring 2014 Semester, Mondays, 6:30 - 8:30 pm, Room 7314
Office Hours: By appointment, Room 7301.09

"Historical understanding is like a vision, or rather like an evocation of images." Taking Johan Huizinga at his word, this course is about the use, abuse, lapses, and strengths of visual "documents" as subject, evidence, and method in studying the past. The class will explore the ways the study of visual culture illuminates and alters the research and analysis of major areas and themes in nineteenth-century U.S. social, political, and cultural history. We will investigate the manner in which different visual media documented, articulated, and embodied conditions, relations, ideas, identity, and issues from the early republic to the age of imperialism—with occasional forays to explore the comparative, transnational, and digital. While structured chronologically, the course readings and discussions are organized to consider a range of historiographic approaches and methods and to critically evaluate the impact and efficacy of using visual evidence.

REQUIREMENTS
In addition to participation in class, each student will be responsible for leading one or more class discussions (including reading and reporting on one or more of the optional readings, chosen in consultation with me). Students also are responsible for a final research paper (approximately 30 pages), which will be due at the last class (with a one-page précis due on March 10).
*Please note there is a reading assignment for the first class. Please come to the class prepared to discuss the readings.

BOOKS
•Wendy Bellion, Citizen Spectators: Art, Illusion, and Visual Perception in Early National America (Chapel Hill, 2011). ISBN: 0807833886 $45.00
•Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (New York, 1990). ISBN: 0803234538 $17.25 [LIBRARY ELECTRONIC RESOURCE]
•David Brody, Visualizing American Empire: Orientalism and Imperialism in the Philippines (Chicago, 2010). ISBN: 0226075346 $25.65
•Joshua Brown, Beyond the Lines: Pictorial Reporting, Everyday Life, and the Crisis of Gilded Age America (Berkeley, 2002). ISBN: 0520248147 $25.95
•Vivien Green Fryd, Art and Empire: The Politics of Ethnicity in the U.S. Capitol, 1815-1860
(New Haven, 1992; paperback ed., Athens, OH, 2001). ISBN: 0821413422 $21.50
Fiona Deans Halloran, Thomas Nast: The Father of Modern Political Cartoons (Chapel Hill, 2012). ISBN: 0807835870 $23.80
•Maurie D. McInnis, Slaves Waiting for Sale: Abolitionist Art and the American Slave Trade (Chicago, 2011). ISBN: 022605506X $21.95
•Nicholas Mirzoeff, The Right to Look: A Counterhistory of Visuality (Durham, 2011). ISBN: 0822349183 $24.30
•Megan Kate Nelson, Ruin Nation: Destruction and the American Civil War (Athens, 2012). ISBN: 0820342513 $17.80 [LIBRARY ELECTRONIC RESOURCE]
•Martha A. Sandweiss, Print the Legend: Photography and the American West (New Haven, 2002). ISBN: 0300103158 $39.90
•Kirk Savage, Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton, 1997). ISBN: 0691009473 $34.50
•Vanessa R. Schwartz, Spectacular Realities: Early Mass Culture in Fin-de-Siècle Paris (Berkeley, 1998). ISBN: 0520221680 $28.50
•Shelley Streeby, Radical Sensations: World Movements, Violence, and Visual Culture (Durham, 2013). ISBN: 0822352915 $23.15
•Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith, eds., Pictures and Progress: Early Photography and the Making of African American Identity (Durham, 2012). ISBN: 0822350858 $25.20


1.

January 27




INTRODUCTION
•Michael L. Wilson, “Visual Culture: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis?” in The Nineteenth-Century Visual Culture Reader, ed. Vanessa R. Schwartz and Jeannene M. Przyblyski (New York, 2004): 26-33. [Copies located in my mailbox in Rm. 5114]
•James W. Cook, “Seeing the Visual in U.S. History,” Journal of American History 95:2 (September 2008): 432-41.
•Sally M. Promey, “Situating Visual Culture,” in A Companion to American Cultural History, ed. Karen Halttunen (2008).

 
2.

February 3
EARLY REPUBLIC – CARLA COLON
•Wendy Bellion, Citizen Spectators: Art, Illusion, and Visual Perception in Early National America.

Optional Reading:
•Jonathan Crary, Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1992).
•David Jaffee, A Nation of Goods: The Material Culture of Early America (Philadelphia, 2010).
•__________, “One of the Primitive Sort: Portrait Makers of the Rural North, 1760-1860” in The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation: Essays in the Social History of Rural America, ed., Steven Hahn and Jonathan Prude (Chapel Hill, 1985), 103-40.
•Margaretta M. Lovell, Art in a Season of Revolution: Painters, Artisans, and Patrons in Early America (Philadelphia, 2005).
•Christopher J. Lukasik, Discerning Characters: The Culture of Appearance in Early America (Philadelphia, 2011).

•Maurie D. McInnis and Louis P. Nelson, eds., Shaping the Body Politic: Art and Political Formation in Early America (Charlottesville, 2011).
•Laura Rigal, The American Manufactory: Art, Labor, and the World of Things in the Early Republic (Princeton, 2001).

 
3. February 10

NATIONALISM – JULIANA SON
•Vivien Green Fryd, Art and Empire: The Politics of Ethnicity in the U.S. Capitol, 1815-1860.

Optional Reading:
•Martin Brückner, The Geographic Revolution in Early America: Maps, Literacy, and National Identity (Chapel Hill, 2006).
•Neil Harris, The Artist in American Society: The Formative Years, 1790-1860 (New York, 1966).
•Elizabeth Johns, American Genre Painting: The Politics of Everyday Life (New Haven, 1991).
•Gregory M. Pfitzer, Picturing the Past: Illustrated Histories and the American Imagination, 1840-1900 (Washington, D.C., 2002).
•Martha A. Sandweiss, Rick Stewart, and Ben W. Huseman, Eyewitness to War: Prints and Daguerreotypes of the Mexican War, 1846-48 (Washington, D.C., 1989).
•Joshua C. Taylor, America as Art (Washington, D.C., 1976).
•Alan Trachtenberg, Reading American Photographs: Images as History: Mathew Brady to Walker Evans (New York, 1989), Chapter 1.
•Kariann Akemi Yokota, Unbecoming British: How Revolutionary America Became a Postcolonial Nation (New York, 2011).

 
  February 17 NO CLASS

 
4. February 20
[Thursday following Monday Schedule]

ANTISLAVERY – EVE EURE, JULIANA SON
•Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith, eds., Pictures and Progress: Early Photography and the Making of African American Identity.

Optional Reading:
•Jeannine Marie DeLombard, Slavery on Trial: Law, Abolitionism, and Print Culture (Chapel Hill, 2007).
•Marcy J. Dinius, The Camera and the Press: American Visual and Print Culture in the Age of the Daguerreotype (Philadelphia, 2012).
•Amy E. Hughes, Spectacles of Reform: Theater and Activism in Nineteenth-Century America (Ann Arbor, 2012).
•Phillip Lapansky, “Graphic Discord: Abolitionist and Antiabolitionist Images,” in The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women’s Political Culture in Antebellum America, ed. Jean Fagan Yellin and John C. Van Horne (Ithaca, 1994), 201-30.

•Kimberly Orcutt, ed., John Rogers: American Stories (New York, 2011).
•Richard J. Powell, “Cinqué: Antislavery Portraiture and Patronage in Jacksonian America,” American Art 11:3 (Fall 1997): 48-73.
•Bernard F. Reilly, Jr., “The Art of the Antislavery Movement,” in Courage and Conscience: Black and White Abolitionists in Boston, ed. Donald M. Jacobs (Bloomington, 1993), 47-73.

 
5. February 24

SLAVERY – EMILY BROOKS, CARLA COLON
•Maurie D. McInnis, Slaves Waiting for Sale: Abolitionist Art and the American Slave Trade.

Optional Reading:
•Sarah Burns, Painting the Dark Side: Art and the Gothic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century America (Berkeley, 2004).
•Kay Dian Kriz, Slavery, Sugar, and the Culture of Refinement: Picturing the British West Indies, 1700-1840 (New Haven, 2008).
•Elise Lemire, “Miscegenation”: Making Race in America (Philadelphia, 2002).
•Molly Rogers, Delia's Tears: Race, Science, and Photography in Nineteenth-Century America (New Haven, 2010).
•Agnes Lugo-Ortiz and Angela Rosenthal, eds., Slave Portraiture in the Atlantic World (New York, 2013).

•Marcus Wood, Blind Memory: Visual Representations of Slavery in England and America, 1780-1865 (New York, 2000).
•__________, Black Milk: Imagining Slavery in the Visual Cultures of Brazil and America (Oxford, 2013).

 
6. March 3

CIVIL WAR I – EMILY BROOKS, DANIELLE WETMORE
•Megan Kate Nelson, Ruin Nation: Destruction and the American Civil War.

Optional Reading:
•Gary L. Bunker, From Rail-Splitter to Icon: Lincoln's Image in Illustrated Periodicals, 1860-1865 (Kent, OH, 2001).
•Keith F. Davis,“‘A Terrible Distinctness': Photography of the Civil War Era,” in Photography in Nineteenth Century America, 1839-1900, ed. Martha Sandweiss (New York, 1991).
•Alice Fahs, The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861-1865 (Chapel Hill, 2001).
•William Frassanito, Gettysburg: A Journey in Time (New York, 1975).
•Harold Holzer, “Picturing Freedom: The Emancipation Proclamation in Art, Iconography, and Memory,” in Harold Holzer, Edna Greene Medford, Frank J. Williams, The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views (Baton Rouge, 2006), pp. 83-136.
•Martha S. Jones, “Emancipation's Encounters: The Meaning of Freedom from the Pages of Civil War Sketchbooks,” The Journal of the Civil War Era 3:4 (December 2013): 533-48.
•Mark E. Neely, Jr. and Harold Holzer, The Union Image: Popular Prints of the Civil War North (Chapel Hill, 2000).
•Jeff L. Rosenheim, Photography and the American Civil War (New Haven, 2013).

•W. Fletcher Thompson, The Image of War: The Pictorial Reporting of the American Civil War (New York, 1959).
•Alan Trachtenberg, Reading American Photographs, Chapter 2.

•Peter H. Wood, Near Andersonville: Winslow Homer’s Civil War (Cambridge, 2010).

 
7. March 10
*RESEARCH PAPER TOPIC DUE

CIVIL WAR II: CASE STUDY
•Ross Barrett, “On Forgetting: Thomas Nast, the Middle Class, and the Visual Culture of the Draft Riots,” Prospects 29 (October 2005): 25-55.
•Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War, 3-72.
•Joshua Brown, Beyond the Lines: Pictorial Reporting, Everyday Life, and the Crisis of Gilded Age America, 7-58.


Optional Reading:
•Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York, 2000), 864-905.
•Adrian Cook, The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 (Lexington, 1974).
•Ronald Paulson, The Art of Riot in England and America (Baltimore, 2010).
•Barnet Schecter, The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America (New York, 2007).

[ADDITIONAL READINGS TO COME]

 
8. March 17

RECONSTRUCTION – EVE EURE, SARAH LITVIN
•Kirk Savage, Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America.

Optional Reading:
•Albert Boime, The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century (Washington, D.C., 1990).
•Steven Coon, “Narrative Trauma and Civil War History Painting, or Why Are These Pictures So Terrible?,” History and Theory 41 (December 2002): 17-42.

•Harold Holzer, Gabor S. Borritt, and Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Confederate Image: Prints of the Lost Cause (Chapel Hill, 1987).
•Cynthia Mills and Pamela H. Simpson, eds., Monuments to the Lost Cause: Women, Art, and the Landscapes of Southern Memory (Knoxville, 2003).
•Mary Niall Mitchell, Raising Freedom’s Child: Black Children and Visions of the Future After Slavery (New York, 2008).
•Mark E. Neely. Jr, Harold Holzer, and Gabor S. Boritt, The Confederate Image: Prints of the Lost Cause (New York, 1987).

•Deborah Willis and Barbara Krauthamer, Envisioning Emancipation: Black Americans and the End of Slavery (Philadelphia, 2012).
•Peter Wood and Karen C. C. Dalton, Winslow Homer's Images of Blacks: The Civil War and Reconstruction Years (Austin, 1988).

 
9. March 24 GILDED AGE – ERIK WALLENBERG
•Joshua Brown, Beyond the Lines: Pictorial Reporting, Everyday Life, and the Crisis of Gilded Age America.

Optional Reading:
•Michael L. Carlebach, The Origins of Photojournalism in America (Washington, D.C., 1992).
•Michael Clapper, “‘I Was Once a Barefoot Boy!’: Cultural Tensions in a Popular Chromo,” American Art 16:2 (Summer 2002): 17-39.
•Melissa Dabakis, Visualizing Labor in American Sculpture: Monuments, Manliness, and the Work Ethic, 1880-1935 (Cambridge, 1999).
•James M. Dennis, The Strike: The Improbable Story of an Iconic 1886 Painting of Labor Protest (Madison, 2011).
•Amanda Frisken, Victoria Woodhull's Sexual Revolution: Political Theater and the Popular Press in Nineteenth-Century America (Philadelphia, 2004).
•__________, “Obscenity, Free Speech, and ‘Sporting News’ in 1870s America,” Journal of American Studies 42 (2008): 537-77.
•Michele Martin, Images at War: Illustrated Periodicals and Constructed Nations (Toronto, 2006).
•Mark J. Noonan, Reading the Century Illustrated Month Magazine: American Literature and Culture, 1870-1893 (Kent, 2010).
•Christopher Phelps, “The Strike Imagined: The Atlantic and Interpretive Voyages of Robert Koehler's Painting The Strike,” Journal of American History 98:3 (December 2011): 670-97.


 
10. March 31 LATE-CENTURY – DANIELLE WETMORE
•Fiona Deans Halloran, Thomas Nast: The Father of Modern Political Cartoons.

 Optional Reading:
•Roger A. Fischer, Them Damned Pictures: Explorations in American Political Cartoon Art (North Haven, 1996).
•Ian Gordon, Comic Strips and Consumer Culture, 1890-1945 (Washington, D.C., 1998).
•Jennifer A. Greenhill, Playing It Straight: Art and Humor in the Gilded Age (Berkeley, 2012).
•Thomas Milton Kemnitz. “The Cartoon as a Historical Source,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4:1 (Summer 1973): 81-93.
•Thomas C. Leonard, The Power of the Press: The Birth of American Political Reporting (New York, 1986), Chapter 4.
•Worth Robert Miller, Populist Cartoons: An Illustrated History of the Third-Party Movement in the 1890s (Kirsksville, MO, 2011).
•Richard Samuel West, Satire on Stone: The Political Cartoons of Joseph Keppler (Urbana, 1988).
•__________, The San Francisco Wasp: An Illustrated History (Northampton: Periodyssey Press, 2004).
 

 
11. April 7 CITIES [COMPARISONS] – CODY CAMPBELL
•Vanessa R. Schwartz, Spectacular Realities: Early Mass Culture in Fin-de-Siècle Paris.

Optional Reading:
•Michele H. Bogart, Public Sculpture and the Civic Ideal in New York City, 1890-1930 (Chicago, 1989).
•Hollis Clayson, Paris in Despair: Art and Everyday Life under Siege (1870-71) (Chicago, 2002).

•Peter Conolly-Smith, Translating America: An Immigrant Press Visualizes American Popular Culture, 1895-1918 (Washington, DC, 2004).
•Peter Bacon Hales, Silver Cities: The Photography of American Urbanization, 1839-1915 (Philadelphia, 1984).
•Neil Harris, “Iconography and Intellectual History: The Halftone Effect,” in Cultural Excursions: Marketing Appetites and Cultural Tastes in Modern America (Chicago, 1990), 304-17.
•Nancy Rose Marshall, City of Gold and Mud: Painting Victorian London (New Haven, 2012).

•Anna Pegler-Gordon, In Sight of America: Photography and the Development of U.S. Immigration Policy (Berkeley, 2009).
•Maren Stange, Symbols of Ideal Life: Social Documentary Photography in America, 1890-1950 (Cambridge, 1989).
•Bonnie Yochelson and Daniel Czitrom, Rediscovering Jacob Riis: The Reformer, His Journalism, and His Photographs (New York, 2008).
•Rebecca Zurier, Picturing the City: Urban Vision and the Ashcan School (Berkeley, 2006).
•__________, Robert W. Snyder, and Virginia M. Mecklenburg, Metropolitan Lives: The Ashcan Artists and Their New York.

 
  April 14

April 21
NO CLASS

NO CLASS

 
12. April 28 WEST – CODY CAMPBELL, SARAH LITVIN
•Martha A. Sandweiss, Print the Legend: Photography and the American West.

Optional Reading:
•Sarah Burns, Pastoral Inventions: Rural Life in Nineteenth-Century American Art and Culture (Philadelphia, 1989).
•George Catlin, Brian W. Dippie, George Gurney, George Catlin and His Indian Gallery (New York, 2002).
•William Cronon, “Telling Tales on Canvas: Landscapes of Frontier Change,” in Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts, ed., Jules Prown, Nancy Anderson, William Cronon, Brian Dippie (New Haven, 1992), 37-87.

•Estelle Jussim, Frederic Remington, the Camera and the Old West (Fort Worth, 1983).
•Joy S. Kasson, Buffalo Bill's Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History (New York, 2000).
•Robin Kelsey, Archive Style: Photographs and Illustrations for U.S. Surveys, 1850-1890 (Berkeley, 2007).

•Anthony W. Lee, Picturing Chinatown: Art and Orientalism in San Francisco (Berkeley, 2001).
•Hayes Peter Mauro, The Art of Americanization at the Carlisle Indian School (Albuquerque, 2011).

 
13. May 5

EMPIRE – ERIK WALLENBERG
•David Brody, Visualizing American Empire: Orientalism and Imperialism in the Philippines.

Optional Reading:
•David Carlo, Advertising Empire: Race and Visual Culture in Imperial Germany (Cambridge, 2011).
•Elizabeth Ewen and Stuart Ewen, Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality (New York, 2006).
•James Gilbert, “Fixing the Image: Photography at the World's Columbian Exposition” in Grand Illusions: Chicago’s World’s Fair of 1893 (Chicago, 1993), 99-140.
•Alison Griffiths, Wondrous Difference: Cinema, Anthropology, and Turn-of-the-Century Visual Culture (New York, 2002).
•Bonnie M. Miller, From Liberation to Conquest: The Visual and Popular Cultures of the Spanish-American War of 1898 (Amherst, 2011).
Visualizing Cultures (MIT, 2002–).
•Laura Wexler, Tender Violence: Domestic Visions in an Age of U.S. Imperialism (Chapel Hill, 2000).
•Mabel O. Wilson, Negro Building: Black Americans in the World of Fairs and Museums (Berkeley, 2012).

 
14. May 12
SYNTHESES?
NOTE: Half of the class will read one of the following books:
•Nicholas Mirzoeff, The Right to Look: A Counterhistory of Visuality.
•Shelley Streeby, Radical Sensations: World Movements, Violence, and Visual Culture.


 
15. May 19
*RESEARCH PAPER DUE